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Point-Shadows.html (28801B)

---

     <h1 id="content-title">Point Shadows</h1>
 <h1 id="content-url" style='display:none;'>Advanced-Lighting/Shadows/Point-Shadows</h1>
 <p>
   In the last chapter we learned to create dynamic shadows with shadow mapping. It works great, but it's mostly suited for directional (or spot) lights as the shadows are generated only in the direction of the light source. It is therefore also known as <def>directional shadow mapping</def> as the depth (or shadow) map is generated from only the direction the light is looking at.   
 </p>
 
 <p>
   What this chapter will focus on is the generation of dynamic shadows in all surrounding directions. The technique we're using is perfect for point lights as a real point light would cast shadows in all directions. This technique is known as point (light) shadows or more formerly as <def>omnidirectional shadow maps</def>.
 </p>
 
 <note>
   This chapter builds upon the previous <a href="https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Shadows/Shadow-Mapping" target="_blank">shadow mapping</a> chapter so unless you're familiar with traditional shadow mapping it is advised to read the shadow mapping chapter first.
 </note>
 
 <p>
   The technique is mostly similar to directional shadow mapping: we generate a depth map from the light's perspective(s), sample the depth map based on the current fragment position, and compare each fragment with the stored depth value to see whether it is in shadow. The main difference between directional shadow mapping and omnidirectional shadow mapping is the depth map we use.
 </p>
 
 <p>
   The depth map we need requires rendering a scene from all surrounding directions of a point light and as such a normal 2D depth map won't work; what if we were to use a <a href="https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-OpenGL/Cubemaps" target="_blank">cubemap</a> instead? Because a cubemap can store full environment data with only 6 faces, it is possible to render the entire scene to each of the faces of a cubemap and sample these as the point light's surrounding depth values.
 </p>
 
 <img src="/img/advanced-lighting/point_shadows_diagram.png" class="clean" alt="Image of how omnidrectional shadow mapping or point shadows work"/>
 
 <p>
   The generated depth cubemap is then passed to the lighting fragment shader that samples the cubemap with a direction vector to obtain the closest depth (from the light's perspective) at that fragment. Most of the complicated stuff we've already discussed in the shadow mapping chapter. What makes this technique a bit more difficult is the depth cubemap generation.
 </p>
   
 <h2>Generating the depth cubemap</h2>
 <p>
   To create a cubemap of a light's surrounding depth values we have to render the scene 6 times: once for each face. One (quite obvious) way to do this, is render the scene 6 times with 6 different view matrices, each time attaching a different cubemap face to the framebuffer object. This would look something like this:
   </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 for(unsigned int i = 0; i &lt; 6; i++)
 {
     GLenum face = GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i;
     <function id='81'>glFramebufferTexture2D</function>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, face, depthCubemap, 0);
     BindViewMatrix(lightViewMatrices[i]);
     RenderScene();  
 }
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   This can be quite expensive though as a lot of render calls are necessary for this single depth map. In this chapter we're going to use an alternative (more organized) approach using a little trick in the geometry shader that allows us to build the depth cubemap with just a single render pass. 
 </p>
   
 <p>
   First, we'll need to create a cubemap:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 unsigned int depthCubemap;
 <function id='50'>glGenTextures</function>(1, &depthCubemap);
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   And assign each of the single cubemap faces a 2D depth-valued texture image:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 const unsigned int SHADOW_WIDTH = 1024, SHADOW_HEIGHT = 1024;
 <function id='48'>glBindTexture</function>(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
 for (unsigned int i = 0; i &lt; 6; ++i)
         <function id='52'>glTexImage2D</function>(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, 
                      SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT, 0, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, GL_FLOAT, NULL);  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   And don't forget to set the texture parameters:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 <function id='15'>glTexParameter</function>i(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
 <function id='15'>glTexParameter</function>i(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
 <function id='15'>glTexParameter</function>i(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 <function id='15'>glTexParameter</function>i(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
 <function id='15'>glTexParameter</function>i(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);  
 </code></pre>
 
 <p>
   Normally we'd attach a single face of a cubemap texture to the framebuffer object and render the scene 6 times, each time switching the depth buffer target of the framebuffer to a different cubemap face. Since we're going to use a geometry shader, that allows us to render to all faces in a single pass, we can directly attach the cubemap as a framebuffer's depth attachment with <fun>glFramebufferTexture</fun>:
 </p>
   
 <pre class="cpp"><code>
 <function id='77'>glBindFramebuffer</function>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
 glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, depthCubemap, 0);
 glDrawBuffer(GL_NONE);
 glReadBuffer(GL_NONE);
 <function id='77'>glBindFramebuffer</function>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   Again, note the call to <fun>glDrawBuffer</fun> and <fun>glReadBuffer</fun>: we only care about depth values when generating a depth cubemap so we have to explicitly tell OpenGL this framebuffer object does not render to a color buffer. 
 </p>
   
 <p>
   With omnidirectional shadow maps we have two render passes: first, we generate the depth cubemap and second, we use the depth cubemap in the normal render pass to add shadows to the scene. This process looks a bit like this:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 // 1. first render to depth cubemap
 <function id='22'>glViewport</function>(0, 0, SHADOW_WIDTH, SHADOW_HEIGHT);
 <function id='77'>glBindFramebuffer</function>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, depthMapFBO);
     <function id='10'>glClear</function>(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
     ConfigureShaderAndMatrices();
     RenderScene();
 <function id='77'>glBindFramebuffer</function>(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
 // 2. then render scene as normal with shadow mapping (using depth cubemap)
 <function id='22'>glViewport</function>(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
 <function id='10'>glClear</function>(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 ConfigureShaderAndMatrices();
 <function id='48'>glBindTexture</function>(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
 RenderScene();
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   The process is exactly the same as with default shadow mapping, although this time we render to and use a cubemap depth texture compared to a 2D depth texture. 
 </p>
   
 <h3>Light space transform</h3>
 <p>
   With the framebuffer and cubemap set, we need some way to transform all the scene's geometry to the relevant light spaces in all 6 directions of the light. Just like the <a href="https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Shadows/Shadow-Mapping" target="_blank">shadow mapping</a> chapter we're going to need a light space transformation matrix \(T\), but this time one for each face.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   Each light space transformation matrix contains both a projection and a view matrix. For the projection matrix we're going to use a perspective projection matrix; the light source represents a point in space so perspective projection makes most sense. Each light space transformation matrix uses the same projection matrix:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 float aspect = (float)SHADOW_WIDTH/(float)SHADOW_HEIGHT;
 float near = 1.0f;
 float far = 25.0f;
 glm::mat4 shadowProj = <function id='58'>glm::perspective</function>(<function id='63'>glm::radians</function>(90.0f), aspect, near, far); 
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   Important to note here is the field of view parameter of <fun><function id='58'>glm::perspective</function></fun> that we set to 90 degrees. By setting this to 90 degrees we make sure the viewing field is exactly large enough to fill a single face of the cubemap such that all faces align correctly to each other at the edges.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   As the projection matrix does not change per direction we can re-use it for each of the 6 transformation matrices. We do need a different view matrix per direction. With <fun><function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function></fun> we create 6 view directions, each looking at one face direction of the cubemap in the order: right, left, top, bottom, near and far.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 std::vector&lt;glm::mat4&gt; shadowTransforms;
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 1.0, 0.0, 0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0, 0.0));
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3(-1.0, 0.0, 0.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0, 0.0));
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0), glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0,-1.0, 0.0), glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0,-1.0));
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0, 0.0));
 shadowTransforms.push_back(shadowProj * 
                  <function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function>(lightPos, lightPos + glm::vec3( 0.0, 0.0,-1.0), glm::vec3(0.0,-1.0, 0.0));
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
 	Here we create 6 view matrices and multiply them with the projection matrix to get a total of 6 different light space transformation matrices. The <code>target</code> parameter of <fun><function id='62'>glm::lookAt</function></fun> each looks into the direction of a single cubemap face.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   These transformation matrices are sent to the shaders that render the depth into the cubemap.
 </p>
   
 <h3>Depth shaders</h3>
 <p>
   To render depth values to a depth cubemap we're going to need a total of three shaders: a vertex and fragment shader, and a <a href="https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-OpenGL/Geometry-Shader" target="_blank">geometry shader</a> in between.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   The geometry shader will be the shader responsible for transforming all world-space vertices to the 6 different light spaces. Therefore, the vertex shader simply transforms vertices to world-space and directs them to the geometry shader:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 #version 330 core
 layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
 
 uniform mat4 model;
 
 void main()
 {
     gl_Position = model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   The geometry shader will take as input 3 triangle vertices and a uniform array of light space transformation matrices. The geometry shader is responsible for transforming the vertices to the light spaces; this is also where it gets interesting. 
   </p>
   
   <p>
     The geometry shader has a built-in variable called <var>gl_Layer</var> that specifies which cubemap face to emit a primitive to. When left alone, the geometry shader just sends its primitives further down the pipeline as usual, but when we update this variable we can control to which cubemap face we render to for each primitive. This of course only works when we have a cubemap texture attached to the active framebuffer.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 #version 330 core
 layout (triangles) in;
 layout (triangle_strip, max_vertices=18) out;
 
 uniform mat4 shadowMatrices[6];
 
 out vec4 FragPos; // FragPos from GS (output per emitvertex)
 
 void main()
 {
     for(int face = 0; face &lt; 6; ++face)
     {
         gl_Layer = face; // built-in variable that specifies to which face we render.
         for(int i = 0; i &lt; 3; ++i) // for each triangle vertex
         {
             FragPos = gl_in[i].gl_Position;
             gl_Position = shadowMatrices[face] * FragPos;
             EmitVertex();
         }    
         EndPrimitive();
     }
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   This geometry shader is relatively straightforward. We take as input a triangle, and output a total of 6 triangles (6 * 3 equals 18 vertices). In the <fun>main</fun> function we iterate over 6 cubemap faces where we specify each face as the output face by storing the face integer into <var>gl_Layer</var>. We then generate the output triangles by transforming each world-space input vertex to the relevant light space by multiplying <var>FragPos</var> with the face's light-space transformation matrix. Note that we also sent the resulting <var>FragPos</var> variable to the fragment shader that we'll need to calculate a depth value.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   In the last chapter we used an empty fragment shader and let OpenGL figure out the depth values of the depth map. This time we're going to calculate our own (linear) depth as the linear distance between each closest fragment position and the light source's position. Calculating our own depth values makes the later shadow calculations a bit more intuitive.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 #version 330 core
 in vec4 FragPos;
 
 uniform vec3 lightPos;
 uniform float far_plane;
 
 void main()
 {
     // get distance between fragment and light source
     float lightDistance = length(FragPos.xyz - lightPos);
     
     // map to [0;1] range by dividing by far_plane
     lightDistance = lightDistance / far_plane;
     
     // write this as modified depth
     gl_FragDepth = lightDistance;
 }  
 </code></pre>
 
 <p>
   The fragment shader takes as input the <var>FragPos</var> from the geometry shader, the light's position vector, and the frustum's far plane value. Here we take the distance between the fragment and the light source, map it to the [<code>0</code>,<code>1</code>] range and write it as the fragment's depth value. 
 </p>
   
 <p>
   Rendering the scene with these shaders and the cubemap-attached framebuffer object active should give you a completely filled depth cubemap for the second pass's shadow calculations.
 </p>
   
 <h2>Omnidirectional shadow maps</h2>
 <p>
   With everything set up it is time to render the actual omnidirectional shadows. The procedure is similar to the directional shadow mapping chapter, although this time we bind a cubemap texture instead of a 2D texture and also pass the light projection's far plane variable to the shaders.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 <function id='22'>glViewport</function>(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
 <function id='10'>glClear</function>(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
 shader.use();  
 // ... send uniforms to shader (including light's far_plane value)
 <function id='49'>glActiveTexture</function>(GL_TEXTURE0);
 <function id='48'>glBindTexture</function>(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, depthCubemap);
 // ... bind other textures
 RenderScene();
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   Here the <fun>renderScene</fun> function renders a few cubes in a large cube room scattered around a light source at the center of the scene.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   The vertex and fragment shader are mostly similar to the original shadow mapping shaders: the difference being that the fragment shader no longer requires a fragment position in light space as we can now sample the depth values with a direction vector. 
 </p>
   
 <p>
   Because of this, the vertex shader doesn't needs to transform its position vectors to light space so we can remove the <var>FragPosLightSpace</var> variable:
 </p>
 
 <pre><code>
 #version 330 core
 layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
 layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
 layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;
 
 out vec2 TexCoords;
 
 out VS_OUT {
     vec3 FragPos;
     vec3 Normal;
     vec2 TexCoords;
 } vs_out;
 
 uniform mat4 projection;
 uniform mat4 view;
 uniform mat4 model;
 
 void main()
 {
     vs_out.FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
     vs_out.Normal = transpose(inverse(mat3(model))) * aNormal;
     vs_out.TexCoords = aTexCoords;
     gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   The fragment shader's Blinn-Phong lighting code is exactly the same as we had before with a shadow multiplication at the end:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 #version 330 core
 out vec4 FragColor;
 
 in VS_OUT {
     vec3 FragPos;
     vec3 Normal;
     vec2 TexCoords;
 } fs_in;
 
 uniform sampler2D diffuseTexture;
 uniform samplerCube depthMap;
 
 uniform vec3 lightPos;
 uniform vec3 viewPos;
 
 uniform float far_plane;
 
 float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
 {
     [...]
 }
 
 void main()
 {           
     vec3 color = texture(diffuseTexture, fs_in.TexCoords).rgb;
     vec3 normal = normalize(fs_in.Normal);
     vec3 lightColor = vec3(0.3);
     // ambient
     vec3 ambient = 0.3 * color;
     // diffuse
     vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fs_in.FragPos);
     float diff = max(dot(lightDir, normal), 0.0);
     vec3 diffuse = diff * lightColor;
     // specular
     vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - fs_in.FragPos);
     vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
     float spec = 0.0;
     vec3 halfwayDir = normalize(lightDir + viewDir);  
     spec = pow(max(dot(normal, halfwayDir), 0.0), 64.0);
     vec3 specular = spec * lightColor;    
     // calculate shadow
     float shadow = ShadowCalculation(fs_in.FragPos);                      
     vec3 lighting = (ambient + (1.0 - shadow) * (diffuse + specular)) * color;    
     
     FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0);
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   There are a few subtle differences: the lighting code is the same, but we now have a <code>samplerCube</code> uniform and the <fun>ShadowCalculation</fun> function takes the current fragment's position as its argument instead of the fragment position in light space. We now also include the light frustum's <var>far_plane</var> value that we'll later need.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   The biggest difference is in the content of the <fun>ShadowCalculation</fun> function that now samples depth values from a cubemap instead of a 2D texture. Let's discuss its content step by step.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   The first thing we have to do is retrieve the depth of the cubemap. You may remember from the cubemap section of this chapter that we stored the depth as the linear distance between the fragment and the light position; we're taking a similar approach here:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
 {
     vec3 fragToLight = fragPos - lightPos; 
     float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight).r;
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   Here we take the difference vector between the fragment's position and the light's position and use that vector as a direction vector to sample the cubemap. The direction vector doesn't need to be a unit vector to sample from a cubemap so there's no need to normalize it. The resulting <var>closestDepth</var> value is the normalized depth value between the light source and its closest visible fragment.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   The <var>closestDepth</var> value is currently in the range [<code>0</code>,<code>1</code>] so we first transform it back to [<code>0</code>,<code>far_plane</code>] by multiplying it with <var>far_plane</var>.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 closestDepth *= far_plane;  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   Next we retrieve the depth value between the current fragment and the light source, which we can easily obtain by taking the length of <var>fragToLight</var> due to how we calculated depth values in the cubemap:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 float currentDepth = length(fragToLight);  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   This returns a depth value in the same (or larger) range as <var>closestDepth</var>. 
 </p>
   
 <p>
   Now we can compare both depth values to see which is closer than the other and determine whether the current fragment is in shadow. We also include a shadow bias so we don't get shadow acne as discussed in the <a href="https://learnopengl.com/Advanced-Lighting/Shadows/Shadow-Mapping" target="_blank">previous</a> chapter.
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 float bias = 0.05; 
 float shadow = currentDepth -  bias > closestDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0; 
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   The complete <fun>ShadowCalculation</fun> then becomes:
 </p>
   
 <pre><code>
 float ShadowCalculation(vec3 fragPos)
 {
     // get vector between fragment position and light position
     vec3 fragToLight = fragPos - lightPos;
     // use the light to fragment vector to sample from the depth map    
     float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight).r;
     // it is currently in linear range between [0,1]. Re-transform back to original value
     closestDepth *= far_plane;
     // now get current linear depth as the length between the fragment and light position
     float currentDepth = length(fragToLight);
     // now test for shadows
     float bias = 0.05; 
     float shadow = currentDepth -  bias > closestDepth ? 1.0 : 0.0;
 
     return shadow;
 }  
 </code></pre>
   
 <p>
   With these shaders we already get pretty good shadows and this time in all surrounding directions from a point light. With a point light positioned at the center of a simple scene it'll look a bit like this:
 </p>
   
   <img src="/img/advanced-lighting/point_shadows.png" class="clean" alt="Omnidirectional point shadow maps in OpenGL"/>
     
 <p>
   You can find the source code of this demo <a href="/code_viewer_gh.php?code=src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.1.point_shadows/point_shadows.cpp" target="_blank">here</a>.
 </p>
     
 <h3>Visualizing cubemap depth buffer</h3>
 <p>
   If you're somewhat like me you probably didn't get this right on the first try so it makes sense to do some debugging, with one of the obvious checks being validating whether the depth map was built correctly. A simple trick to visualize the depth buffer is to take the <var>closestDepth</var> variable in the <fun>ShadowCalculation</fun> function and display that variable as:
 </p>
     
 <pre><code>
 FragColor = vec4(vec3(closestDepth / far_plane), 1.0);  
 </code></pre>
     
 <p>
   The result is a grayed out scene where each color represents the linear depth values of the scene:
 </p>
     
     <img src="/img/advanced-lighting/point_shadows_depth_cubemap.png" class="clean" alt="Visualized depth cube map of omnidrectional shadow maps"/>
       
 <p>
   You can also see the to-be shadowed regions on the outside wall. If it looks somewhat similar, you know the depth cubemap was properly generated. 
 </p>
       
 <h2>PCF</h2>
 <p>
    Since omnidirectional shadow maps are based on the same principles of traditional shadow mapping it also has the same resolution dependent artifacts. If you zoom in close enough you can again see jagged edges. <def>Percentage-closer filtering</def> or PCF allows us to smooth out these jagged edges by filtering multiple samples around the fragment position and average the results. 
 </p>
       
 <p>
    If we take the same simple PCF filter of the previous chapter and add a third dimension we get:
 </p>
       
 <pre><code>
 float shadow  = 0.0;
 float bias    = 0.05; 
 float samples = 4.0;
 float offset  = 0.1;
 for(float x = -offset; x &lt; offset; x += offset / (samples * 0.5))
 {
     for(float y = -offset; y &lt; offset; y += offset / (samples * 0.5))
     {
         for(float z = -offset; z &lt; offset; z += offset / (samples * 0.5))
         {
             float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + vec3(x, y, z)).r; 
             closestDepth *= far_plane;   // undo mapping [0;1]
             if(currentDepth - bias &gt; closestDepth)
                 shadow += 1.0;
         }
     }
 }
 shadow /= (samples * samples * samples);
 </code></pre>
       
 <p>
  The code isn't that different from the traditional shadow mapping code. We calculate and add texture offsets dynamically for each axis based on a fixed number of samples. For each sample we repeat the original shadow process on the offsetted sample direction and average the results at the end.
 </p>
       
 <p>
     The shadows now look more soft and smooth and give more plausible results.
 </p>
       
       <img src="/img/advanced-lighting/point_shadows_soft.png" class="clean" alt="Soft shades with omnidirectional shadow mapping in OpenGL using PCF"/>
         
 <p>
   However, with <var>samples</var> set to <code>4.0</code> we take a total of <code>64</code> samples each fragment which is a lot!
 </p>
         
 <p>
   As most of these samples are redundant in that they sample close to the original direction vector it may make more sense to only sample in perpendicular directions of the sample direction vector. However as there is no (easy) way to figure out which sub-directions are redundant this becomes difficult. One trick we can use is to take an array of offset directions that are all roughly separable e.g. each of them points in completely different directions. This will significantly reduce the number of sub-directions that are close together. Below we have such an array of a maximum of <code>20</code> offset directions:
 </p>
         
 <pre><code>
 vec3 sampleOffsetDirections[20] = vec3[]
 (
    vec3( 1,  1,  1), vec3( 1, -1,  1), vec3(-1, -1,  1), vec3(-1,  1,  1), 
    vec3( 1,  1, -1), vec3( 1, -1, -1), vec3(-1, -1, -1), vec3(-1,  1, -1),
    vec3( 1,  1,  0), vec3( 1, -1,  0), vec3(-1, -1,  0), vec3(-1,  1,  0),
    vec3( 1,  0,  1), vec3(-1,  0,  1), vec3( 1,  0, -1), vec3(-1,  0, -1),
    vec3( 0,  1,  1), vec3( 0, -1,  1), vec3( 0, -1, -1), vec3( 0,  1, -1)
 );   
 </code></pre>
         
 <p>
   From this we can adapt the PCF algorithm to take a fixed amount of samples from <var>sampleOffsetDirections</var> and use these to sample the cubemap. The advantage here is that we need a lot less samples to get visually similar results.
 </p>
         
 <pre><code>
 float shadow = 0.0;
 float bias   = 0.15;
 int samples  = 20;
 float viewDistance = length(viewPos - fragPos);
 float diskRadius = 0.05;
 for(int i = 0; i &lt; samples; ++i)
 {
     float closestDepth = texture(depthMap, fragToLight + sampleOffsetDirections[i] * diskRadius).r;
     closestDepth *= far_plane;   // undo mapping [0;1]
     if(currentDepth - bias > closestDepth)
         shadow += 1.0;
 }
 shadow /= float(samples);  
 </code></pre>
         
 <p>
   Here we add multiple offsets, scaled by some <var>diskRadius</var>, around the original <var>fragToLight</var> direction vector to sample from the cubemap. 
 </p>
         
 <p>
   Another interesting trick we can apply here is that we can change <var>diskRadius</var> based on the distance of the viewer to the fragment, making the shadows softer when far away and sharper when close by.
 </p>
         
 <pre><code>
 float diskRadius = (1.0 + (viewDistance / far_plane)) / 25.0;  
 </code></pre>
         
 <p>
   The results of the updated PCF algorithm gives just as good, if not better, results of soft shadows:
 </p>
         
 <img src="/img/advanced-lighting/point_shadows_soft_better.png" class="clean" alt="Soft shades with omnidirectional shadow mapping in OpenGL using PCF, more efficient"/>
   
 <p>
   Of course, the <var>bias</var> we add to each sample is highly based on context and will always require tweaking based on the scene you're working with. Play around with all the values and see how they affect the scene.
 </p>
   
 <p>
   You can find the final code here: <a href="/code_viewer_gh.php?code=src/5.advanced_lighting/3.2.2.point_shadows_soft/point_shadows_soft.cpp" target="_blank">here</a>.
 </p>   
   
 <p>
   I should mention that using geometry shaders to generate a depth map isn't necessarily faster than rendering the scene 6 times for each face. Using a geometry shader like this has its own performance penalties that may outweigh the performance gain of using one in the first place. This of course depends on the type of environment, the specific video card drivers, and plenty of other factors. So if you really care about pushing the most out of your system, make sure to profile both methods and select the more efficient one for your scene.
 </p>
   
 <h2>Additional resources</h2>
   <ul>
   <li><a href="http://www.sunandblackcat.com/tipFullView.php?l=eng&topicid=36" target="_blank">Shadow Mapping for point light sources in OpenGL</a>: omnidirectional shadow mapping tutorial by sunandblackcat.</li>
     <li><a href="http://ogldev.atspace.co.uk/www/tutorial43/tutorial43.html" target="_blank">Multipass Shadow Mapping With Point Lights</a>: omnidirectional shadow mapping tutorial by ogldev.</li>
     <li><a href="http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/~husky/RTR/OmnidirShadows-whyCaps.pdf" target="_blank">Omni-directional Shadows</a>: a nice set of slides about omnidirectional shadow mapping by Peter Houska.</li>
 </ul>       
 
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